How does it work?: Helicobacter pylori breath tests

Urea Breath Tests for Detection of Helicobacter pylori

The association ofHelicobacter pyloriwith peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer was first proposed by Warren and Marshall in 1983 (Warren and Marshall, 1983). In February 1994, the National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference concluded thatH. pylori infection is themajor cause of peptic ulcer disease, and all patients with confirmed peptic ulcer disease associatedwithH. pylo...

Urea breath tests in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection.

The 13/14C-Urea breath test (UBT) is based on the simple principle that a solution of isotopically labelled urea will be rapidly hydrolysed by the abundantly expressed urease of H pylori. The released 13/14CO2 is absorbed across the mucus layer to the gastric mucosa and hence, via the systemic circulation, excreted in the expired breath. Distribution of urea throughout the stomach prevents samp...

The urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori.

The bishop's vicar: how does it work?

Sr. Weisenbeck is president and chairwoman, leadership council, Congreation of the Sisters of theThird Order of St. Francis of Perpetual Adoration, La Crosse, Wis. Adiocesan bishop may assign his oversight for particular apostolic activities to persons called episcopal vicars. Canon 476 articulates the conditions for appointment, and the vicar's duties and authority. "As often as the good gover...

Learning under stress: how does it work?

The effects of stress on learning and memory are not always clear: both facilitating and impairing influences are described in the literature. Here we propose a unifying theory, which states that stress will only facilitate learning and memory processes: (i) when stress is experienced in the context and around the time of the event that needs to be remembered, and (ii) when the hormones and tra...